验尿

定义

验尿 is the physical, chemical, 和 microscopic examination of urine. It involves a number of tests to detect 和 measure various compounds that pass through the urine.

选择的名字

Urine appearance 和 color; Routine urine test; Cystitis - urinalysis; 膀胱 infection - urinalysis; UTI - urinalysis; Urinary tract infection - urinalysis; Hematuria - urinalysis

How the Test is Performed

A urine sample is needed. Your health care provider will tell you what type of urine sample is needed. Two common methods of collecting urine are 24-hour urine collection 和 clean catch urine specimen.

The sample is sent to a lab, where it is examined for the following:

PHYSICAL COLOR AND APPEARANCE

How the urine sample looks to the naked eye:

• 天气晴朗还是多云?
• Is it pale, or dark yellow, or another color?

显微镜图像

The urine sample is examined under a microscope to:

• Check if there are any cells, urine crystals, 尿投, mucus, 和 other substances.
• Identify any bacteria or other germs.

化学测试(尿液化学)

• A special strip (dipstick) is used to test for substances in the urine sample. The strip has pads of chemicals that change color when they come in contact with substances of interest.

Examples of specific urinalysis tests that may be done to check for problems include:

• Red blood cell urine test
• 葡萄糖尿试验
• 尿蛋白试验
• 尿液pH值测试
• 酮类尿检
• 胆红素尿检
• Urine specific gravity test

How to Prepare for the Test

Certain medicines change the color of urine, but this is not a sign of disease. Your provider may tell you to stop taking any medicines that can affect test results.

Medicines that can change your urine color include:

• 氯喹
• 补铁剂
• 左旋多巴
• 呋喃妥英
• 非那吡啶
• 吩噻嗪
• 苯妥英
• 核黄素
• 氨苯蝶啶

How the Test will Feel

The test involves only normal urination, 和 there is no discomfort.

Why the Test is Performed

A urinalysis may be done:

• As part of a routine medical exam to screen for early signs of disease
• 如果你有迹象 糖尿病 or 肾脏疾病, or to monitor you if you are being treated for these conditions
• 检查 尿中带血
• 诊断 urinary tract infection

正常的结果

Normal urine varies in color from almost colorless to dark yellow. Some foods, such as beets 和 blackberries, may turn urine red.

Usually, glucose, ketones, protein, 和 bilirubin are not detectable in urine. The following are not normally found in urine:

• 血红蛋白
• 亚硝酸盐
• 红细胞
• 白细胞

Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.

What Abnormal Results Mean

Abnormal results may mean you have an illness, such as:

• 肾脏疾病
• Urinary tract infection
• 肾结石
• Poorly controlled 糖尿病
• 膀胱 or 肾癌

Your provider can discuss the results with you.

风险

There are no risks with this test.

注意事项

如果使用家庭测试, the person reading the results must be able to tell the difference between colors, because the results are interpreted using a color chart.

参考文献

莱利RS，麦克弗森RA. Basic examination of urine. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis 和 Management by Laboratory Methods. 24日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 29.

索贝尔JD，布朗P. Urinary tract infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. M和ell, Douglas, 和 Bennett's Principles 和 Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9日艾德. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 72.